1.
A.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Simple Present Tense is a
sentence that declares an act or
activities that take place / occur at the current time in the form of a simple or
a job done repeatedly, daily habits, events or acts that have nothing to do with time, and to express
general truths.
Function and
Example
Sentences Simple
Present Tense
Fungsi
|
Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense
|
Simple
present tense untuk
menyatakan habitual action (kebiasaan) dimana sering digunakan adverb
of frequency (always, often, usually, every day/week, month, all the
time, etc) sebagai time signals.
|
He always
consumes low GI rice.
(Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.) |
She sends
much money to her parents in the village every month.
(Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di desa setiap bulan.) |
|
Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak
terbantahkan)
|
The sun rises
from the east and sets in the west.
(Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk barat.) |
Water boils
at 100 degrees Celcius.
(Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.) |
|
Simple
present tense digunakan
untuk membuat simple statement yang berlaku general (berlaku
kapan saja) maupun tidak general (menggunakan verb be).
|
I live
in Jakarta.
(Saya tinggal di Jakarta) |
She is so
beautiful.
(Dia sangat cantik.) |
|
He’s
angry.
(Dia marah.) [tidak general: terjadi sekarang] |
|
Simple
present tense menggunakan
stative
verb untuk menyatakan perasaan (feeling), indera (sense), pikiran (mental
state), atau kepemilikan (possession).
|
She loves
dancing.
(Dia suka menari.) |
I see
tears in your eyes.
(Saya melihat air mata di matamu.) |
|
We agree
with the speaker’s opinion.
(Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.) |
|
My brother
owns a new house.
(Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.) |
|
Simple
present tense digunakan
untuk membicarakan rencana atau jadwal di masa depan namun memiliki jangka
waktu dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya membicarakan tentang transportasi atau event.
Verb yang biasa digunakan antara lain: arrive, come, leave.
|
The ship leaves
the harbour this night at 7 o’clock.
(Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.) |
He arrives
from Osaka at 1 pm.
(Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.) |
|
The
ceremony starts at nine.
(Upacara dimulai jam sembilan.) |
|
Simple
present tense digunakan
untuk memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi.
|
You add
a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil it.
(Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.) |
You go
straight ahead then turn left.
(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.) |
|
Simple
present tense digunakan
pada conditional
sentence tipe 1.
|
If you meet
the naughty boy, your parents will be angry.
(Jika kamu bertemu dengan anak nakal itu, orangtuamu akan marah.) |
I will go
swimming if I have free time.
(Saya akan pergi berenang jika ada waktu.) |
B. PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
Present
Continuous Tense is tense form
which refers to the ongoing action
now or when
the talks were ongoing. So that action has
already begun, and is not over
when the conversation took place. In addition, this tense can also be
used for the kind of action
that lasts only for a short period of time. We can also use this tense to talk about a change
or development that is taking place within a long time span.
Function and Example Sentences Present
Continuous Tense
Fungsi
|
Contoh Kalimat Present Continuous Tense
|
Present
continuous tense untuk
membicarakan suatu aksi yang sedang terjadi sekarang.
|
She is brushing
the bathroom floor.
(Dia sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi.) |
I’m driving
a car to Bandung now.
(Saya sedang mengendarai mobil ke Bandung sekarang.) |
|
He’s learning
English in order to be a great guide.
(Dia sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris agar menjadi pemandu wisata yang hebat.) |
|
Present
continuous tense untuk
membicarakan suatu rencana atau perpindahan ke suatu tempat/kondisi.
|
I’m spending
my holiday on Kuta beach next month.
(Saya sedang menghabiskan liburan di pantai Kuta akhir bulan depan.) |
You can’t
call me this night. I’m going to my best friend’s wedding.
(Kamu tidak dapat menghubungi saya malam ini. Saya sedang pergi ke pernikahan sahabat saya.) |
|
The buses are
arriving in an hour.
(Bus-bus tersebut tiba dalam satu jam.) |
|
I’m moving
to West Jakarta this month.
(Saya pindah ke Jakarta Barat bulan ini.) |
|
Present
continuous tense untuk
mengungkapkan kejengkelan atas aksi yang terjadi berulang kali.
|
Why is the
wild dog always barking at me?
(Mengapa anjing liar itu selalu menggonggong pada saya?) |
I’m getting
sick of you always asking the same questions.
(Saya mulai muak dengan kamu yang selalu menanyakan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sama.) |
C. SIMPLE PAST
Simple Past
Tense is a form of the verb used to express activities or events that are taken or occur in the past. The
past can be a long time ago,
a few years ago, a
few months ago, a couple of
weeks, days, or even a few hours ago.
Function and Example Sentences Simple Past Tense
Fungsi
|
Contoh kalimat Simple Past Tense
|
Simple
past tense untuk
membicarakan aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Preposition “for” dapat digunakan
untuk menyatakan periode waktu kejadian.
|
Vina and I
went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago.
(Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.) |
Did he come on time yesterday?
(Apakah dia datang tepat waktu kemarin?) |
|
The party started
at 10.00 a.m.
(Pesta mulai jam sepuluh pagi.) |
|
Did you sleep enough last
night?
(Apa kamu cukup tidur semalam?) |
|
I studied
civil engineering for almost 4 years.
(Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.) |
|
Simple
past tense untuk
membicarakan kebiasaan pada masa lampau. Subordinate conjunction “when” biasanya
digunakan pada situasi ini.
|
I often did
exercises in the gym when I lived in Bandung.
(Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.) |
When I was
a senior high school student, I always got up at 4 am to study.
(Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam 4 pagi untuk belajar.) |
|
Untuk
menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense)
yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past
continuous tense) sedang berlangsung.
|
I was
reading a journal in the library when someone burped out loud.
(Saya sedang membaca jurnal di perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.) |
Untuk
menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi yang
telah selesai (past
perfect tense).
|
I had
already finished my breakfast when he picked me up.
(Saya telah selesai sarapan ketika dia menjemput.) |
Simple
past tense digunakan
pada conditional
sentence type 2.
|
If she studied
hard, she would be pass.
(Jika dia belajar keras, dia akan lulus.) |
I would
buy a sport car if I had much money.
(Saya akan membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.) |
D. PAST CONTINUOUS
Past Continuous
Tense is a form or verb
tense used to show
(express) an action or event that is
happening in the past. The action
started in the past, is happening
in the past, and ended
in the past.
Function and Example Sentences Past Continuous
Tense
Fungsi
|
Contoh kalimat Past Continuous Tense
|
Past
continuous tense untuk
mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang terjadi selama momen tertentu di masa lampau.
|
I was
shopping at this time yesterday.
(Saya sedang belanja pada jam ini kemarin.) |
What was
she doing at 5 am this morning?
(Apa yang sedang dia lakukan jam 5 pagi ini?) |
|
They were
roasting corn at this time last night.
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung pada jam ini kemarin malam.) |
|
I was
doing physically exercises all day yesterday.
(Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari kemarin.) |
|
Untuk
menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense)
yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense)
sedang berlangsung. Subordinate conjunction “when” atau
“while” dapat digunakan
|
She was
sleeping when you called her.
(Dia sedang tidur ketika kamu meneleponnya.) |
The door
was knocked while I was studying.
(Pintu diketuk ketika saya sedang belajar.) |
|
Past
continuous tense digunakan untuk mengolok-olok atau mengkritik aksi
yang terjadi pada interval acak namun sebenarnya merupakan kebiasaan alami.
|
The girl was
always yelling out loud.
(Anak itu selalu menjerit keras-keras.) |
My
neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his
broom.
(Tetangga saya selalu mengusir kucing-kucing liar dengan sapunya.) |
2.
SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
Subject-Verb
Agreement is a rapprochement between
the verb (a verb) with the subject line in
terms of number, namely: singular or plural.
Subjects can be either a noun, pronoun, or
other construction acting as a noun, like gerund and infinitive.
Basically, the singular subject use the singular
verb, while plural
subject using a plural
verb.
Generally in the present tense, singular
verb basic form of the verb with the added ending
(suffix) -s. As for the plural verb with no
added ending -s
(otherwise, subject plural ending -s
added). These rules
also apply verb on
the subject in the form of a
third person (for example: Ricky,
Anna) and all
personal pronouns (they, we = plural; he, she, it = single),
except I and you.
Although the form of a single subject, I and you are paired with
plural verbs (not
including the verb "be"
(was, am) on
"I").
Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement
[subject= bold; verb= italic]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
The sun
rises. (Matahari terbit.)
|
2
|
The stars
shine. (Bintang bersinar.)
|
3
|
Leo rarely eats white
bread. (Leo jarang makan roti putih.)
|
4
|
You go straight ahead then turn
left.
(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.) |
But if
there is a helping verb, then the
helping verb his turn
while the main verb
in the base form (base form verb). Picks
helping verb in the singular-plural-it is is-acre, does-do, and
has-haves. Especially for has-haves, the agreement does not apply if the word is a second helping verb or helping verb is used
behind the other.
Example
Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold;
verb= italic; helping verb= underline]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
My boss always comes on
time.
(Bos saya selalu datang tepat waktu.) |
2
|
They like eating
out. (Mereka suka makan diluar.)
|
3
|
He is working. (Dia
sedang bekerja.)
|
4
|
I do submit the
task. (Saya harus mengirimkan tugas tersebut.)
|
5
|
The manager
has checked the documents.
(Manager telah mengecek dokumen-dokumen tersebut.) |
6
|
I will
have been sleeping for an hour when you arrive.
(Saya akan sudah tidur selama satu jam ketika kamu tiba.) has-have TIDAK BERLAKU |
While in the past tense, there is no difference in the form of the verb in number
(singular or plural)
if there is no helping verb, namely: was-were.
Example
Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold;
verb= italic; helping verb= underline]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
The cat
was sleeping. (Kucing itu sedang tidur.)
|
2
|
We were roasting
corn. (Kita sedang membakar jagung.)
|
As if
the verb is used in the form of linking verb,
then it is, am (especially
I), was (past
tense) used by the singular subject, whereas acre
and were (past tense) by plural subject.
Example
Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold;
verb= italic; linking verb= underline]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
Ricky is smart. (Ricky
pintar.)
|
2
|
The
children are naughty. (Anak-anak itu nakal.)
|
3
|
I was a stamp
collector. (Saya dulu pengoleksi prangko.)
|
4
|
My books
were borrowed by him. (Buku-buku saya dipinjam dia.)
|
3.
PRONOUN
Pronoun is
a word used to replace the noun
(noun), which can be a person, object, animal, place,
or an abstract concept. Pronouns is one of the
eight parts of speech.
The types and example sentences pronoun
Penjelasan
|
Contoh Kalimat Pronoun
|
Personal Pronoun (I,
you, they, we, she, he, it, us, her, his, them, mine, yours, its)
|
|
Kata ganti
untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti
ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang
ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.
|
She prefers to brisk walk to jog.
(Dia lebih memilih jalan cepat daripada joging.) |
Yours is on the table.
(Punyamu di atas meja.) |
|
Demonstrative
Pronoun (this, that, these, those)
|
|
Kata ganti
yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance
(jarak).
|
This is the most interesting book
I have ever read.
(Ini buku paling menarik yang saya pernah baca.) |
Interrogative Pronoun (who,
what, which, whose, whom, etc)
|
|
Kata ganti
yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.
|
Who is that man?
(Siapa lelaki itu?) |
Relative Pronoun (who,
whose, which, whom, that, etc)
|
|
Kata ganti
yang biasanya mengawali relative clause.
|
The
packet, which was sent a week ago, has received.
(Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.) |
Indefinite Pronoun (anything,
everything, none, someone, something, etc)
|
|
Kata ganti
untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara umum atau tidak spesifik.
|
You did everything
right.
(Kamu melakukan semuanya dengan benar.) |
Reflexive Pronoun (myself,
yourself, itself, youselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves )
|
|
Kata ganti
yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action)
pada suatu clause atau kalimat.
|
I‘m going
to buy myself new jeans.
(Saya akan membeli celana jins.) |
Intensive Pronoun (bentuknya
sama dengan reflexive pronoun)
|
|
Kata ganti
yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan pada noun yang mendahuluinya.
|
I myself
promise not to corrupt the project.
(Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek tersebut.) |
Reciprocal Pronoun (each
other, one another)
|
|
Kata ganti
yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek melakukan aksi
yang sama satu sama lain.
|
They love each
other.
(Mereka saling mencintai.) |
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
